Having only one of each type of chromosome per cell.

States that gene ratios and allelic frequencies remain constant through the generations in a nonevolving population.

The structural unit of compact bone. Consists of a hard, inorganic matrix surrounding a central canal.

Iron-containing protein found in red blood cells that binds O₂ and transports it throughout the body.

Pertaining to the liver.

Not self-sustaining; said of microorganisms requiring a reduced form of carbon for energy and synthesis.

Having different alleles at one or more corresponding chromosomal loci.

A simple protein, soluble in water and insoluble in dilute ammonia, found combined as salts with acidic substances, e.g., the protein combined with nucleic acid or the globin of hemoglobin.

A tendency to equilibrium or stability in the normal physiological states of the organism.

In animal cells, a structure in the nucleus containing a linear thread of DNA which transmits genetic information and is associated with RNA and histones; during cell division the material composing the chromosome is compactly coiled, making it visible with appropriate staining and permitting its movement in the cell with minimal entanglement; each organism of a species is normally characterized by the same number of chromosomes in its somatic cells, 46 being the number normally present in humans, including the two (XX or XY) which determine the sex of the organism. In bacterial genetics, a closed circle of double-stranded DNA which contains the genetic material of the cell and is attached to the cell membrane; the bulk of this material forms a compact bacterial nucleus.

Structures that are similar in function and are of the same evolutionary origin.

Having the same alleles at one or more gene loci on homologous chromosome segments.